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National Museum of Natural History (France)
The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the ' (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a ''フランス語:grand établissement'' of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities. The main museum is located in Paris, France, on the left bank of the River Seine. It was founded in 1793 during the French Revolution, but was established earlier in 1635. The museum now comprises 14 sites throughout France, with four in Paris, including the original location at the royal botanical garden, the ''フランス語:Jardin des Plantes'', which remains one of the seven departments of MNHN.
==History==
The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution. Its origins lie, however, in the ''フランス語:Jardin royal des plantes médicinales'' (royal garden of medicinal plants) created by King Louis XIII in 1635, which was directed and run by the royal physicians. The royal proclamation of the boy-king Louis XV on 31 March 1718, however, removed the purely medical function, enabling the garden—which became known simply as the ''フランス語:Jardin du Roi'' (King's garden)—to focus on natural history.
For much of the 18th century (1739–1788), the garden was under the direction of Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, one of the leading naturalists of the Enlightenment, bringing international fame and prestige to the establishment. The royal institution remarkably survived the French Revolution by being reorganized in 1793 as a republican ''フランス語:Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle'' with twelve professorships of equal rank. Some of its early professors included eminent comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier and evolutionary pioneers Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. The museum's aims were to instruct the public, put together collections and conduct scientific research. It continued to flourish during the 19th century, and, particularly under the direction of chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, became a rival to the University of Paris in scientific research. For example, during the period that Henri Becquerel held the chair for Applied Physics at the ''フランス語:Muséum'' (1892–1908) he discovered the radiation properties of uranium. (Four generations of Becquerels held this chairmanship, from 1838 to 1948.)
A decree of 12 December 1891 ended this phase, returning the museum to an emphasis on natural history. After receiving financial autonomy in 1907, it began a new phase of growth, opening facilities throughout France during the interwar years. In recent decades, it has directed its research and education efforts at the effects on the environment of human exploitation. In French public administration, the ''フランス語:Muséum'' is classed as a ''フランス語:grand établissement'' of higher education.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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